Educational Prevention of Antisocial and Delinquent Behavior inBrazilian Adolescents / Prevención Educativa de los Comportamientos Antisociales y Delictivos en Adolescentes Brasileños

Background: Antisocial and criminal behaviors are frequently associated with illegal behaviors committed by adolescents between 12 and 19. This study aims to examine antisocial and criminal behavior in adolescence and establish guidelines that contribute to educational prevention. Specifically, we sought to evaluate self-reports of antisocial and criminal behaviors in adolescents, verifying differences in the variables sex and age. Method: A total of 396 adolescents participated in the study. They were aged 12 to 19 years old (M = 15.8, SD = 1.6), were of both sexes (63.9% girls or women and 36.1% boys or men) and were attending primary and secondary schools in Brazil. The Antisocial-Criminal Behaviors Questionnaire (A-D) was administered online. Descriptive and comparative analyses by sex and age were performed. Results: Boys presented more transgressive behaviors than girls, not overall, but in specific behaviors included in the two scales of the questionnaire used. In terms of age, self-reported antisocial and criminal behaviors increased with student age. Conclusions: From a systemic perspective, educational proposals are made to identify and neutralize risk factors and improve protective factors for adolescents.(AU)

Antecedentes: Las conductas antisociales y delictivas se asocian frecuentemente a conductas ilegales y son cometidas por adolescentes de 12 a19 años. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos profundizar en este tipo de conductas en la adolescencia y establecer pautas que contribuyan a su prevención educativa. Concretamente, se evalúan los autoinformes de conductas antisociales y delictivas en adolescentes, y se verifican diferencias respecto al sexo y la edad. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por 396 adolescentes, de 12 a 19 años (M = 15.8, DT = 1.6), de ambos sexos (63.9%% mujeres y 36.1% varones), estudiantes de primaria y secundaria de escuelas brasileñas. El Cuestionario de Conductas Antisociales-Delictivas (A-D) fue administrado en línea. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y comparativos por sexo y edad. Resultados: En cuanto al sexo, los chicos presentaron comportamientos más transgresores que las chicas, pero no de modo global, sino en conductas específicas incluidas en las dos escalas del cuestionario utilizado. Respecto a la edad, se incrementan las conductas antisociales y delictivas autoinformadas a medida que aumenta la edad de los estudiantes. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos permiten organizar propuestas educativas consistentes para identificar y neutralizar los factores de riesgo y mejorar los factores protectores para los adolescentes.(AU)

The Impact of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Mexican University Students: Emotions, Coping Strategies, and Self-Regulated Learning.

One of the main challenges in higher education is promoting students' autonomous and self-regulated learning, which involves managing their own emotions and learning processes in different contexts and circumstances. Considering that online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic may be an opportunity for university students to take greater responsibility for their learning, it is essential to explore the strategies they have developed in the face of emotional and learning challenges during the health crisis. This study aimed at analyzing the relationships between students' emotions, coping strategies, and self-regulated learning in online learning during COVID-19 home confinement. The participants were 1,290 Mexican students from different universities throughout the country, who answered an online self-report questionnaire from standardized instruments adapted to the pandemic. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential analyses, including a structural equation model (SEM). Findings indicate that, although anxiety, boredom, and frustration were present among participants during confinement, the primary emotions were gratitude, joy, and hope. Second, the main coping strategies used by students participating were focused on facing and reassessing the situation. Furthermore, tranquility, hope, gratitude, and joy were positively related to self-regulated learning, although, loneliness and disinterest were negatively related. Finally, it was found that an approach to coping strategies mediated the relationship between emotions and self-regulated learning. Thus, teachers should help students understand the relevance of active coping strategies and use student-centered learning models that promote autonomous and self-regulated learning, considering each learner's needs, during and after confinement.

Motivational Profiles in High School Students: Generation and Use of Volitional Strategies / Perfis Motivacionais em Estudantes do Ensino Médio: Geração e Uso de Estratégias Volitivas / Perfiles Motivacionales en Estudiantes de Bachillerato: Generación y Uso de Estrategias Volitivas

Abstract This research had as its main purpose to analyze the generation and use of volitional strategies - motivational and emotional control -, based on the motivational profile of the students, through a mixed methodology. Two standardized instruments (CMA and AVSI) were applied to 204 Mexican high school students, between 16 and 18, to identify their motivational profile. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to understand how they generate the volitional strategies they use. Results show that most students adopted a profile oriented to multiple goals, characterized by more volitional strategies use. They also stated that they used volitional strategies to concentrate on studying and have time to perform other tasks. It is considered necessary to design programs that promote volitional strategies, strengthening the commitment and sustained effort required to achieve academic goals in high school.

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a geração e o uso de estratégias volitivas - controle motivacional e emocional -, com base no perfil motivacional dos alunos, utilizando uma metodologia mista. Dois instrumentos padronizados (CMA y AVSI) foram aplicados em 204 estudantes mexicanos do ensino médio, entre 16 e 18 anos, a fim de identificar seu perfil motivacional e o uso de estratégias volitivas. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas para entender como geram as estratégias volitivas por eles utilizadas. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos alunos adotou um perfil orientado para objetivos múltiplos, caracterizado por uma maior utilização de estratégias volitivas. Eles também afirmaram que usavam estratégias volitivas principalmente para se concentrar no estudo e ter tempo para realizar outras tarefas. Considera-se necessário desenhar programas que promovam estratégias volitivas e que fortaleçam o comprometimento e esforço sustentado, condições necessárias para atingir os objetivos acadêmicos no ensino médio.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como propósito principal analizar la generación y uso de estrategias volitivas - de control motivacional y emocional -, en función del perfil motivacional de los estudiantes, mediante una metodología mixta. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos estandarizados (CMA y AVSI) a 204 estudiantes de Bachillerato mexicanos, entre 16 y 18 años, para identificar su perfil motivacional. Asimismo, se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas para comprender cómo generan las estrategias volitivas que utilizan. Los resultados muestran que los alumnos en su mayoría adoptaron un perfil orientado a metas múltiples, caracterizado por un mayor uso de estrategias volitivas. Además, manifestaron usar estrategias volitivas principalmente para concentrarse en el estudio y tener tiempo para realizar otras tareas. Se considera necesario diseñar programas que promuevan el uso de estrategias volitivas, que fortalezcan el compromiso y esfuerzo sostenido necesarios para el logro de las metas académicas en el bachillerato.

Fostering Oral Hygiene Habits and Self-Regulation Skills: An Intervention With Preschool Children.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a program to promote self-regulation for self-care skills in preschool-aged children focused on oral habits and good oral health. Participants were 210 Mexican children aged 4 to 5 years who attended the Children's Assistance Community Centers (CAIC in Spanish). Findings showed that children who participated in the program, compared with those who did not, decreased significantly the teeth-bacteria plaque. The former also improved their self-regulation skills and dental hygiene habits. Data highlighted the key role of close adults in promoting young children's self-regulation for self-care focusing on dental hygiene habits.

Habilidades autorregulatorias e higiene bucal infantil con el apoyo de los padres / Self-regulatory skills and child oral hygiene with support from parents / Habilidades de auto-regulação e higiene bucal das crianças com o apoio dos pais

En este artículo se analizan diferentes variables que inciden en la conducta de auto-cuidado de los pacientes pediátricos que asisten a consulta médica, así como en la de sus padres, para una buena salud oral como son: las creencias de autoeficacia, la intención y el control del comportamiento. En el contexto mexicano, participaron 43 pacientes pediátricos, entre 6 y 13 años de edad, y 36 padres de familia, entre 21 y 47 años de edad, que acompañaban a sus hijos a recibir tratamiento dental. Los resultados muestran que los pacientes pediátricos presentan mayor autoeficacia que su progenitor encuestado; en cambio, los padres presentan mejores respuestas en intención de comportamiento y hábitos de higiene bucal. El control de la acción no presenta diferencias significativas entre los pacientes pediátricos y sus padres.

In this article the authors analyze different variables that influence the self-care behavior of pediatric patients attending medical consultations, as well as the behavior of their parents, in relation to achieving good oral health. These variables include: self-belief, behavioral intention and control. In this study conducted in Mexico, participants included 43 pediatric patients aged between 6 and 13 years old, and 36 parents aged between 21 and 47 years of age who accompanied their children to receive dental treatment. The results show that pediatric patients have higher self-belief than their parents. However, parents have better behavioral intentions and oral hygiene habits than their children. There were no significant differences between pediatric patients and their parents in action control.

Neste artigo se analisam diferentes variáveis que influenciam o comportamento de auto-atendimento de pacientes pediátricos que frequentam consultas médicas, bem como seus pais, para uma boa saúde bucal como são: as crenças de autoeficácia, a intenção e o controle comportamental. No contexto mexicano, participaram 43 pacientes pediátricos entre 6 e 13 anos de idade, e 36 pais entre 21 e 47 anos de idade, que acompanharam seus filhos para receber tratamento. Os resultados mostram que os pacientes pediátricos tem maior autoeficácia do que seu progenitor correspondente. Os pais têm melhores respostas na intenção comportamental e hábitos de higiene bucal. O controle da ação não apresenta diferenças significativas entre pacientes pediátricos e seus pais.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión mexicana del Cuestionario para la Evaluación de Metas Académicas (CEMA) / Psychometric properties of the Mexican version of the Academic Goals Questionnaire

Las metas académicas constituyen una de las variables más importantes desde el punto de vista motivacional para explicar las diferentes razones de que los estudiantes se impliquen en las tareas y actividades de aprendizaje. Al mismo tiempo, están relacionadas con distintos patrones de pensamiento, emociones y acciones de los estudiantes y, además, con su logro académico. De ahí la importancia de incrementar los trabajos empíricos en esta área y contar con instrumentos de evaluación que permitan una mayor comprensión de los procesos involucrados en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, particularmente en la enseñanza superior. Es por ello que en este trabajo se examinan las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario para la Evaluación de Metas Académicas en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos. Este instrumento de autoinforme valora la orientación personal de los estudiantes hacia las metas académicas. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) con una muestra de 735 estudiantes universitarios mexicanos del área de ingenierías. Los resultados obtenidos corroboran en general la estructura factorial del cuestionario original y garantizan suficientemente la consistencia interna de la escala para emplearla en la investigación dentro del contexto mexicano.

Academic goals are one of the most important variables from a motivational point of view to explain the different reasons and motives of students to get involved in learning tasks and activities. At the same time, academic goals are related to different patterns of thoughts, emotions and actions of students, as well as their academic achievement. Hence, it is important to develop empirical work in this area in order to construct evaluation tools that allow a better understanding of the processes involved in student learning, particularly in higher education. The psychometric properties of the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Academic Goals were examined in a sample of Mexican university students. This self-report instrument evaluates the personal orientation of the student towards academic goals. To achieve this goal, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted, with a sample of 735 Mexican higher education students in the engineering area. Findings corroborate the original questionnaire factor structure and demonstrates reliability for using the scale in the research within the Mexican context.